Hi, Mike!
1) There's not a lot of Saltillo/terracotta in Louisville because of freeze/thaw conditions there. Terracotta absorbs water too easily, and is subject to breakup if frozen. You should be looking a porcelain tile that mimics Saltillo.
2) I dunno. Depends on the tile and supplier. Traditional Saltillo is about 12, or so, inches square. Bigger tiles may be out of character. Saltillo are set with fairly large groutlines, too.
3) 28 days, unless you use Ditra.
4) You don't absolutely need a isolation membrane, but it is recommended for newer slabs.
5) If you go with the porcelain tile, a modified thinset or medium set mortar will be fine. Medium set mortars are used for larger tiles where the flatness of the tile backs and uneven substrate makes leveling the tiles too much for thinset. By leveling, I mean that all the tiles are in the same plane. Your outdoor surfaces should slope for drainage.
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