Welcome to the forum!
To answer your question, it helps to think of a freshly waxed car. Does rain water or hose water sprinkled on it cover the whole surface in an even layer/film like it does on the sidewalk? No. The surface is hydrophobic, meaning it repels water. The hydrophobic nature of the wax combined with the surface tension of the water combines to form obvious beads of water.
What does this have to do with your question of how overlapping membranes joined with porous mortar are sealed from moisture intrusion? When hydrophobic membranes are overlapped to each other and the physical proximity is close enough that the surface tension overcomes the capillary action, moisture cannot penetrate. In short, the surface tension of the membranes repels water from the otherwise porous seams, making them waterproof.